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| Conceptualization | Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims. |
| Methodology | Development or design of methodology; creation of models |
Software | Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components. |
| Validation | Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs. |
| Formal analysis | Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data. |
| Investigation | Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection. |
| Resources | Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools. |
| Data Curation | Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later reuse. |
| Writing – original draft preparation | Creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation). |
| Writing – review and editing | Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages. |
| Visualization | Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation. |
| Supervision | Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team. |
| Project administration | Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution. |
| Funding acquisition | Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication. |